HEP 3000

Know what the typical alcohol content is for commercial beers, whiskey, vodka, and gin

Whiskey, vodka, and Gin: 45%
Beer: 4%
Wine: 12%

Know what effect the prohibition had after it implemented

It reduced alcohol intake. AKA it worked!

reasons the prohibition was repealed

Alcohol taxes had been a major source of revenue. Concerns that widespread disrespect for prohibition laws encouraged a general sense of lawlessness.

understand the viewpoint of alcohol anonymous toward alcoholism

*alcohol dependence as a progressive disease characterized by loss of control over drinking
*only treatment is abstinence from alcohol
*disease model: alcohol dependence is the primary disease and not the result of another underlying cause
*only requirement for membership is a desire to stop drinking

understand the severity and progression of the withdrawal syndrome of a person who is alcohol dependent

Abstinence syndrome is medically more severe and more deadly than opioid withdrawal. If untreated mortality can be as high as 1 in 7
-Stages of withdrawal
1: tremors, rapid heartbeat, hypertension, heavy sweating, loss of appetite, insomnia
2: hallucinations (auditory, visual, and/or tactile)
3: delusions, disorientation, delirium
4: seizures

understand the trends in U.S. alcohol consumption

*similar to other drugs, alcohol use peaked in 1981 and then declined
*american consumption per person per year:
beer- (27 gallons or over 1 gallon of alcohol)
spirits- (0.75 gallon of alcohol)
wine- (0.33 gallon of alcohol)
*males more likely to drink than females. males more likely to drink more than females

Proof

A measure of a beverage’s alcohol content, twice the percentage of alcohol by weight. Example: 90 proof whiskey is 45% alcohol

Binge Drinking

having 5 or more drinks on the same occasion. males are more likely to report binge drinking. heaviest drinkers=males

Congeners

in general, members of the same group. with respect to alcohol, the term refers to other chemicals (alcohols and oils) that are produced in the process of making a particular alcoholic beverage

Understand the relationship between blood alcohol concentration and alcohol intake

if the rate of intake = rate of metabolism, BAC is stable. If rate of intake exceeds rate of metabolism, BAC increases.
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Understand the effects smoking has on pregnancy

Increase risk of miscarriage, low birth rate, and SIDS.
Neurological probs, probs with reading and math skills, hyperactivity

Know what carcinogens are in the mother’s blood that also reaches the developing fetus

Nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, and carbon monoxide

Know the trends in current cigarette use

…

Know the influencing factors of current cigarette use

level of education. high school aged adults are twice as likely to smoke than college students

Know the effects that smoking has world wide

*kills at least 5 million people a year
*tobacco companies have been pushing cigarettes in Asian and developing countries

Leukoplakia

a whitening and thickening of the mucous tissue in the mouth, considered to be a precancerous tissue change

Understand what second hand smoke is

cigarette smoke inhaled from the environment by nonsmokers.
sidestream: smoke rising from ash of a cigarette
mainstream: smoke inhaled by the smoker

Know what type of cigarette is mainly sold today

Filter cigarettes

Know the physiological effects of nicotine

CNS & circulatory (increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased oxygen need to the heart, shortness of breath)
Reduced hunger (increased blood sugar, deadening of taste buds, and inhibition of hunger contractions)
Releases adrenaline etc,

know what the family smoking prevention and tobacco control act authorized

authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways

understand the amount of caffeine content in various forms of coffee, tea, soft drinks, and chocolate

COFFEE: 40-180 mg
TEA: 20-110mg
COKE: 5-20mg
ENERGY: 80mg
CHOCOLATE: 1-35mg

understand where and how the caffeine that’s removed from coffee is used

caffeine removed from coffee is used in soft drinks

know the time course of caffeine in humans

30 minutes after indigestion

know the physiological effects of caffeine

*stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles
*causes sleep disturbances
*elevates mood
*constricts blood vessels in the brain which might explain the ability of caffeine to reduce migraine headaches

understand the reproductive effects that caffeine may have

*high consumption of caffeine reduces a woman’s chances of becoming pregnant and slows the growth of the fetus
*research is mixed on whether caffeine increases the risk of miscarriage

identify what high levels of caffeine among college students has been associated with

Associated with lower academic performance

Diphenhydramine

Over the counter ingredient. Works as an Antihistamine. used in Sleep aids, and some cold remedies

know what the dietary supplement health and education act did

expanded the definition of dietary supplements and restricted the FDA’s regulatory authority over them.

understand what NoDoz is

100 mg of caffeine, recommended dose is two tablets initially, then one every 3 hours. Supposed to help restore mental alertness or wakefulness when experiencing fatigue or drowsiness.

Ginkgo Biloba

supposed to help memory due to its ability to increase blood circulation to the brain. also a blood thinner, mixed with asprin could be dangerous

Understand the effects of aspirin: adverse or otherwise

can help prevent heart attacks and strokes. blood thinner which can be good and bad… for example when going in for surgery dr makes sure you don’t take aspirin 7-10 days before because of blood thinning. aspirin will induce gastrointestinal bleeding in about 70% of normal subjects. aspirin has been related to accidental poisonings of children as well as with suicide attempts

know what you have to do to get the drug pseudoephedrine containing products

it is now sold behind the counter because it can be used to make meth. stores have to keep info on the buyer for at least 2 years after purchases. don’t need a prescription for it, it is just limited to how often you can buy it

know the difference between over-the-counter drugs and prescription drugs

dosage: an OTC version of a drug may come in smaller doses
chemicals: a prescription drug may contain a chemical not allowed for OTC sale, possibly due to potential toxicity
FDA panels review products and may switch drugs to OTC, such as ibuprofen

know what type of drug Xanax and Ativan are classified as

benzodiazepine

know what Librium is prescribed for

reduces anxiety without inducing sleep and can be used for symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

understand the recommended ways (drug and non-drug methods) of dealing with insomnia

Non-Drug: maintain a regular sleep schedule. when you get in bed turn off lights and relax. exercise regularly. comfortable sleep environment. watch what you eat/drink before bed. avoid tobacco. don’t lie awake in bed for long periods of time, get up and do something if u cant sleep. don’t nap. avoid chronic use of sleeping pills.
Drug: ambien, barbiturates and benzodiazepines in low doses

Understand the duration of action for abuse and dependence of barbiturates

short acting: onset 15 mins. duration 2-3 hrs
intermediate-acting: onset 30 mins. duration 5-6 hrs
long-acting: onset 1 hour. duration 8+ hours
*short acting drugs are more likely to lead to psychological dependence

Hypnotic

when medications are used as sleeping pills they are referred to as hypnotics. aka drugs that induce sleep.

What does “reinforcing the behavior of taking a drug” mean?

when people decide on their own to take a drug to produce a change in the way they feel, the drug’s effect may be seen as reinforcing the behavior of taking the drug.

Understand what methaqualone is and give 2 examples of the drug

found to have sedative properties. Quaalude and Sopor. Now listed as a schedule I drug

General Paresis

a syphilitic infection of the nervous system that causes psychosis. malaria therapy was introduced in the treatment of general paresis and later discovered general antibiotics could cure syphilis.

Know which disorders are classified as anxiety disorders

Panic disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder

understand what schizophrenia is and how it is different than anxiety disorders

a type of chronic psychosis. psychosis as reflecting a primary disorder of THINKING as opposed to mood or emotion. characterized by two of the following; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, lack of emotional response.

Pseudoparkinsonism

Side effect of taking an antipsychotic drug. tremors, muscle rigidity, shuffling walk, mask like face.

Identify the cure for schizophrenia

requires life long treatment. can take antipsychotics to help the issues.

Tardive Dyskinesia

most serious complications of drug treatment, means “late appearing abnormal movements” refers to rhythmic, repetitive sucking and smacking movements of the lips, thrusting of the tongue and movements of the arms toes or fingers.

Bipolar Disorder

a type of mood disorder also known as manic depressive disorder.

Know what the most common side effects are of antipsychotic medication

some allergic reactions, jaundice, rashes, photosensitivity, agranulocytosis, low white blood cell count, pseudoparkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia. aren’t addictive, hard to commit suicide with them.

What portion of homeless suffer from mental disorders?

1/3

Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day…

doubles the risk of heart attack

Caffeine works in the brain by

by blocking adenosine receptors

The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about _____ after drinking coffee.

2 hrs

In 1909, the FDA seized some Coca-Cola syrup and filed charges against the company partly because

the syrup contained caffeine

According to current FDA rules on “cola” drinks

they can’t contain more than 6 mg caffeine per OZ

Most regular brewed teas have about how much caffeine per cup?

40-60mg

The world’s greatest per-capita consumers of tea are found in

Turkey

_____________ is prescribed to asthma sufferers because it relaxes bronchial passages.

Theophylline

In 1970, Americans drank more coffee than any other nonalcoholic beverage product. By 2009,

americans drink twice as much soft drinks compared to coffee

The largest exporters of coffee to the U.S. are

columbia, brazil, guatamala, mexico

The usual recreational dose of GHB when taken alone is about

1-5 grams

The CNS depressants include various prescription drugs referred to as

sedative-hypnotics

Inhalant use has traditionally been more common among

poor hispanic and native american youth

What has kept paraldehyde from being widely used?

bad taste and odor

Among the barbiturates, when prescribing a sleeping pill (hypnotic), physicians would usually choose a

higher dose of a short acting drug

Withdrawal from long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is characterized by

anxiety, insomnia, nausea, seizures

Sedative-hypnotic agents bind to which receptors in the brain?

GABA

Zolpidem (Ambien) is

not a benzodiazepine chemically, but it has similar effects.

The major advantage of the benzodiazepines over the barbiturates seems to be the

greater safety margin

The fastest, and probably the most effective, treatment for severe cases of depression is

electroconvulsive therapy

What is the average lag period for antidepressants to begin to be effective?

2 weeks

The FDA now requires a printed warning on several selective reuptake inhibitors because they increase the risk of

suicide in children and adolesents

The antipsychotic drugs that have been marketed in the past ten years, such as Zyprexa (olanzepine), are referred to as

atypical antipsychotics

T/F about half of all murderers and about half of all homocide victims had been drinking

TRUE

At a BAC of 0.08, the relative risk of being involved in a fatal automobile crash is about

3X’s greater than a sober driver

In a typical person, intoxication to the point of staggering and greatly impaired sensory perception occurs at about what BAC?

0.25%

T/F carbonated liquids speeds up the absorption of alcohol?

true

Total per-capita consumption of alcohol

has declined from its peak in 1981

Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, it was repealed partly because of the growth of organized crime and partly because

of a desire to reduce income tax

In most commercial beers sold in the U.S., the alcohol content is about

Suppose you have a cold and you choose to take Tylenol Cold to treat your symptoms (runny nose, congested nasal passages, and fever). Which of these ingredients in this OTC product is unnecessary?

dextromethorphan

There has been some reported abuse by young people of products containing _________, which they take in high doses to produce visual and auditory hallucinations

dextromethorphan

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